Endocrine
In the non-diabetic pregnant woman carbohydrate loads
will cause a greater than normal increase in plasma glucose
levels facilitating placental glucose transfer. This is due to
increased insulin resistance caused by placental hormones
(mainly human placental lactogen). Insulin production is
also increased during pregnancy.
Maternal hyperglycaemia in diabetic pregnant women
induces an increase in fetal insulin production, as insulin
does not cross the placenta. Neonatal hypoglycaemia may
follow as the carbohydrate load falls immediately after
birth. Since insulin also acts as a growth hormone maternal
diabetes is associated with fetal macrosomia
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