molecular epidemiology

molecular epidemiology is an offshoot of molecular genetics.here genetic methods such as
plasma profile analysis,genomic fingerprinting,and PCR are used to
isolate and match the microbial isolates for epidemiological purposes
two methods used are
1.phenotype
2.genotype
the methods for phenotype are
1.immunoblotting and electrophoretic typing of bacterial proteins
the methods for genotype are 1.plasma profile analysis
2.restriction endonuclease analysis of chromosomalDNa with southern blotting
3.polymerase chain reaction
and nucleotide sequence analysis
NORMALLY ALL OF MY POSTS CAN BE UNDERSTOOD EVEN BY A LAYMAN.BUT THIS
POST IS EXCLUSIVE ONLY FOR DOCTORS

a 20 years young man can look like an 80 years old man.why

a 20 years young man can look like an 80 years old man.why
its due to DNa repair mechanism and some genetic abnormalities in
certain metabolisms.genetics affects ageing also.we ll see
how.normally in DNa replication 5 end of daughter DNa is not formeeway
the usual enzyme DNa polymerase.so such an end strand is called
telomere.its prone to be destroyed easily.so its prevented by
telomerase.its a reverse transcriptase enzyme..its a DNa dependantrna polymerase.
so in old people this enzyme is very less so cells are destroyed
quickly.in cancer cells is is abundant.so cells keep proliferating.
in werners syndrome,telomerase is absent.so a 20 years young man will
appear like an 80 years old man.it is called as cellular senescence

do you know what are jumping genes

do you know what are jumping genes
jumping genes are the transferable genetic elements.they are called
transposons.hence their method of gene transfer is called as
transposition ithey are structurally and genetically discrete elements
that exihichu CUT AND PASTE method of movement between chromosomal and
the extra chromosomal DNa they have one or two genes at the centre and
at the ends invert repeat sequences of nucleotides.
transposition is themethod of amplifying genetic transfer in nature and seen in microbes
plants and animals.it features genetic transfer between two elements
which have no genetic homology as well.so it is employed in genetic
engineering
unlike plasmids the transposons are non self replicating and depend on
chromosomal and plasmid DNa to do s

you must know what are plasmids

you must know what are plasmids
plasmids are circular DNa molecules present in addition to the normal
chromosomal DNa.plasmids are extra chromosomal genetic elements.they
are used as vectors about which we ll discuss later when i post about
genetic engineering.plasmids do not alter the normal life and
function.but are significant in
1.medicine resistance
2.toxigenicity

plasmids are called episomes when they integrate with chromosomal DNa.plasmids are seen in eukaryotypes.they are capable of self
replication.hence they are called as autonomous replicons.they are
classified based on
1.whether they are self transmissible or non transmissible
2.the type of conjugation tube they induce
3.incompatibility groups where closely related plasmids dont co exist
SO THE TOXIC NATURE OF PATHOGENS AND MEDICINE RESISTANCE ARE DUE TO PLASMIDS

how to overcome medicine resistance

we saw earlier that by the method of gene transfer certain pathogens
exhibit medicine resistance.so the conditions which stop such gene
transfer are
1.anaerobic
2.alkaline ph
3.bile salts
also in labs they are stopped by adding
1.acridine dyes
2.ethidium bromide
we saw earlier that antibiotics are directly proportional to medicine
resistance ,since they damage the sensitive natural flora.so there is
a chance of antibiotics getting into man fromanimals.for this reason antibiotics are eradicated from the animal
food in some countries
NOW I HOPE YE CAN UNDERSTAND HOW TO OVERCOME MEDICINE RESISTANCE